Name: 
 

CHAPTER 3: THE BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN CULTURE


True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
 

 1. 
Early primates were successful because of their large size.
 

 2. 
Chimpanzees acquire their rank in dominance hierarchies mainly from their fathers.
 

 3. 
By at least 4.4 million years ago Australopithecus was fully bipedal and walking erect.
 

 4. 
Chimps and bonobos, unlike humans, do not have the ability to prepare objects in anticipation of future use at some other location.
 

 5. 
The significance of meat eating and stone tool making for future human evolution was minimal.
 

 6. 
The orangutan is a living primate that represents a precise analogue for the behaviour of our own ancient ancestors.
 

 7. 
Without exception, among chimpanzees males outrank females.
 

 8. 
Among chimpanzees, one need not be a dominant male to sire offspring.
 

 9. 
Recent genetic studies show that Africa is the sole source of DNA in modern humans.
 

 10. 
Genetically, humans and chimpanzees are at least 98.5 percent identical.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 11. 
Genetically, humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos are at least __________ percent identical.
a.
100
b.
98.5
c.
75
d.
50.25
e.
25.3
 

 12. 
Which form had a geographic range of Africa, Southeast Asia, Europe, and China?
a.
Australopithecus
b.
the sivapithecines
c.
Homo erectus
d.
Neanderthal
e.
Homo sapiens
 

 13. 
The anatomical characteristics primates have in common are indicative of their adaptation of life ______________.
a.
on the ground
b.
in the trees
c.
on the open grasslands
d.
in the deserts
e.
in a temperate climate
 

 14. 
If you were to visit a primate group in the wild, the most frequent type of activity you would be likely to see would be ____________.
a.
sex
b.
grooming
c.
adults playing
d.
infants being cared for by their mothers' friends
e.
groups defending their territory
 

 15. 
Which of the following characteristics of Australopithecus is humanlike rather than apelike?
a.
no gap between the canines and premolars in the lower jaw
b.
the brain weight to body weight ratio
c.
a skeleton adapted to bipedal posture
d.
all of the above
e.
both a and c
 

 16. 
The brain size of Homo erectus is __________.
a.
larger than that of Homo habilis
b.
larger than that of Homo sapiens
c.
within the lower range of the brain size of modern people
d.
all of the above
e.
both a and c but not b
 

 17. 
Homo sapiens appeared about how many years ago?
a.
4 to 5 million
b.
1.5 to 2.5 million
c.
300,000 to 200,000
d.
40,000 to 35,000
e.
35,000 to 10,000
 

 18. 
An appreciation of art, as expressed through engravings, paintings, and body decorations, is clearly present in _____________.
a.
Neanderthal people
b.
Upper Paleolithic people
c.
more advanced groups of Homo erectus
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
 

 19. 
The primate order includes which of the following types of animals?
a.
tarsiers
b.
lorises
c.
indriids
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
 

 20. 
The earliest stone tools and evidence of significant meat eating date to ___________ million years ago.
a.
2.5
b.
4.1
c.
6.5
d.
10.3
e.
3.5
 

 21. 
By chance, the ancestral primates possessed certain characteristics that allowed them to adapt to life in the ____________.
a.
savanna
b.
ocean
c.
forests
d.
highlands
e.
deserts
 

 22. 
Which of the following is a Canadian primatologist who is one of the group known as “Leakey’s Angels?”
a.
Dian Fossey
b.
Jane Goodall
c.
Birute Galdikas
d.
Mary Leakey
e.
None of the above
 

 23. 
Chimps are capable of which of the following behaviours?
a.
pick up and prepare objects in anticipation of future use at some other location
b.
communicate at the level of an eight-year-old human
c.
read at the level of a human five-year-old
d.
use objects as tools to solve new and novel problems
e.
a and d  but not c
 

 24. 
In primates, as among many other carnivores, increased _____________ seems to go hand in hand with predation and meat eating.
a.
competition
b.
aggression
c.
contention
d.
agitation
e.
cooperation
 

 25. 
The earliest tools for butchering were found in _____________, and are about _______ million years old.
a.
Chad, 1.5
b.
Ethiopia, 2.5
c.
Egypt, 2.5
d.
Kenya, 5.2
e.
Nigeria, 4.3
 

 26. 
Which of the following can one say about the pressure flaking technique of tool manufacture?
a.
It produced larger tools than previous techniques.
b.
It required less planning than previous techniques.
c.
It made it possible to produce more specialized tools than previous techniques.
d.
It was less economical in the use of raw materials than previous techniques.
e.
It was developed because it suited a mixed horticultural and hunting economy.
 

 27. 
It is certain that one or more populations of archaic sapiens evolved into modern humans. This occurred as which of the following did not happen?
a.
Our sinuses shrank.
b.
Our overall muscularity was reduced.
c.
Our brains grew.
d.
We continued to walk fully upright.
e.
None of the above happened.
 

 28. 
Cave paintings are associated with ________________.
a.
Australopithecus
b.
Homo erectus
c.
Neanderthal
d.
Upper Paleolithic hunters
e.
Early horticulturalists
 

 29. 
Scientists believe by as early as _______ million years ago, as validated by fireplaces Koobi Fora in Kenya, H. erectus learned to use fire.
a.
2.5
b.
5.2
c.
4.3
d.
1.6
e.
2.4
 

 30. 
Which of the following is a likely result of the discovery of fire?
a.
The ability to eat a wider variety of food.
b.
The ability to live in a wider variety of climates.
c.
An increase in planned activity.
d.
all of the above
e.
both a and b but not c
 



 
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