Name: 
 

CHAPTER 6: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS


True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.
 

 1. 
Most  market-research and design companies who claim to have “ethnographers” on their staffs are not really "doing ethnography."
 

 2. 
Among horticulturalists, the axe, machete, and digging stick are very difficult to make and have to be made by specialists.
 

 3. 
Among horticulturalists, tools are considered to be owned equally by everyone.
 

 4. 
A child giving his or her mother a gift on Mother’s Day would be an example of the concept of redistribution.
 

 5. 
Male dominance persisted in socialist China despite programs designed to eliminate all forms of inequality.
 

 6. 
The Kula Ring, when it works according to the rules, is an example of balanced reciprocity.
 

 7. 
Gloria Rudolf’s study of small farmers in Panama found that as the economy became more commercialized, gender inequality increased.
 

 8. 
Cooperative work groups are found in all types of societies.
 

 9. 
From an economist's perspective, "market exchange" is defined by the purchase of goods in a marketplace.
 

 10. 
Large chain stores in Canada can be said to practice negative reciprocity.
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 11. 
"People may work long and hard in order to acquire the things that will make it appear as if they belong to a non-working class of society." Such behaviour is likely to occur in what kind of society?
a.
a stratified society with an expanding economy like Canada
b.
an egalitarian society with levelling mechanisms
c.
a society that frowns on conspicuous consumption
d.
a society that practices generalized reciprocity
e.
a society that engages in silent trade
 

 12. 
Which of the following is an example of redistribution?
a.
Many commoners contribute to the success of a potlatch in British Columbia, at which a chief gives their contributions away to other chiefs, who will use the wealth, in part, to repay people who contributed to his own, earlier, potlatch
b.
collection of taxes in Canada
c.
hoarding money under the mattress
d.
An Incan emperor receives tributes of wealth and labour, and uses this wealth to maintain roads and bridges and alleviate poverty.
e.
all but c
 

 13. 
Not only have anthropologists found niches for themselves in the world of business, but since 1972, the number of them going into business has grown ___________.
a.
tenfold
b.
fivefold
c.
It has not increased, but rather has decreased.
d.
Anthropologists do not work in the business world.
e.
25 percent
 

 14. 
According to Christopher Hauch, drunken binges on Skid Row can best be seen as _____________.
a.
evidence that poverty is caused by alcohol abuse
b.
evidence that the poor are unable to defer gratification
c.
a shrewd economic move
d.
evidence of the need for more social workers
e.
the result of unethical advertising by the beverage industry
 

 15. 
What problem in marketing the Chevrolet Nova in Spain was identified by an anthropologist?
a.
The cars had a reputation for being unreliable.
b.
The name of the car had an unfortunate connotation in Spanish.
c.
The advertisements featured women who were dressed immodestly by local standards.
d.
Commercials for the cars were run at a time when few Spaniards watched television.
e.
One of the most common colours used for the car was regarded as bad luck by many Spaniards.
 

 16. 
Asian migration to Canada has resulted in _________________.
a.
a large expansion of the Canadian economy
b.
a decrease in the gross national product
c.
a large burden on social services
d.
investment which helped Canada survive economic recession
e.
a and d
 

 17. 
When a man works hard in his garden to produce yams in the ____________, he does so to gain prestige by giving away yams to his sisters' husbands.
a.
Kalahari Desert
b.
Great Basin
c.
Ituri Rain Forest
d.
Amazon Basin
e.
Trobriand Islands
 

 18. 
Which of the following are most likely to favour rigid gender segregation of labour?
a.
foragers
b.
subsistence farmers
c.
pastoralists
d.
intensive agriculturalists
e.
pastoralists, intensive agriculturalists and industrialists
 

 19. 
The ____________ people of ______________ specialize in mining salt.
a.
Aymara, Bolivia
b.
Ju/'hoansi,Namibia
c.
Nuer, East Africa
d.
Afar, Ethiopia
e.
Tarahumara, Mexico
 

 20. 
According to Annette Weiner, yams in the Trobriands could be fully paid for only by
a.
giving a feast
b.
women’s wealth
c.
reciprocal gifts of yams
d.
kula valuables
e.
pots and axe blades
 

 21. 
______________ is/are found in communities where property must not be allowed to threaten an egalitarian order.
a.
Conspicuous consumption
b.
Generalized reciprocity
c.
Levelling mechanisms
d.
Silent trade
e.
Negative reciprocity
 

 22. 
An example of generalized reciprocity would be which of the following?
a.
A hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return.
b.
A farmer gives ten of his cows that he knows have been exposed to mad cow disease to another in exchange for a sport utility vehicle.
c.
A person gives something to someone, and then expects a specific and immediate exchange of something else.
d.
the Canadian system of paying income taxes every April.
e.
A successful stock trader who has earned millions in the market uses this wealth to alleviate poverty in the inner city.
 

 23. 
An example of negative reciprocity would be which of the following?
a.
the Canadian system of paying taxes every April
b.
selling goods to strangers with the sole purpose of making a profit.
c.
A person gives something to someone and then expects a specific and immediate exchange of something else.
d.
A Trobriand chief is given many yams, fish, and other items through kinship obligations, gifts, and trading partnerships; he gives most of these away through lavish feasts.
e.
A king receives tributes of wealth and labour, and uses this wealth to maintain roads and bridges and alleviate poverty.
 

 24. 
For ________________ to be possible, a society must have some form of centralized authority.
a.
generalized reciprocity
b.
balanced reciprocity
c.
negative reciprocity
d.
redistribution
e.
market exchange
 

 25. 
The display of wealth______________ is called conspicuous consumption.
a.
for market exchange
b.
to avoid income taxes
c.
to please the ancestors
d.
to increase social prestige
e.
to attract members of the opposite sex
 

 26. 
Among the Trobriand Islanders, one of the functions of _______________ is to distribute scarce resources over a broad ecological range.
a.
the cargo system
b.
an egalitarian social order
c.
a market exchange
d.
The Kula Ring
e.
a cultural emphasis on generosity
 

 27. 
______________ is/are usually associated with some sort of complex division of labour as well as a centralized political organization.
a.
Levelling mechanisms
b.
Market exchange
c.
Conspicuous consumption
d.
A cargo system
e.
A Kula Ring
 

 28. 
The mode of distribution that stipulates equivalent returns for gifts _____________ is called.
a.
silent trade
b.
redistribution
c.
levelling mechanisms
d.
balanced reciprocity
e.
conspicuous consumption
 

 29. 
Among food foragers such as the __________, land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time.
a.
Mekranoti
b.
Trobriand Islanders
c.
Ju/'hoansi
d.
Navajo
e.
Afar
 

 30. 
In Canada, gift-giving at Christmas is a form of _____________.
a.
negative reciprocity
b.
balanced reciprocity
c.
redistribution
d.
conspicuous consumption
e.
generalized reciprocity
 



 
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